Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), often called seasonal depression, is a form of depression tied to reduced sunlight. It recurs at the same time each year, typically starting in late fall and lasting into spring. In Europe, it affects 1.3% to 4.6% of the population, mainly women aged 28 to 50. Cases are less common in children and adolescents.
Prevalence rises farther from the equator, with higher rates in regions with fewer sunny days. For those with major depression, bipolar disorder, or recurrent depressive episodes, symptoms can intensify, sometimes leading to suicidal thoughts.
Winter depression reveals how sunlight influences mood and energy levels. Affected individuals are especially sensitive to melatonin, the hormone that regulates our biological clock. When production falters, it disrupts sleep-wake cycles, causing all-day drowsiness and low energy. Key symptoms include:
The gold-standard treatment for SAD is light therapy, which involves exposure to bright white light mimicking sunlight. Sessions last 20 to 60 minutes, typically in clinics but also possible at home with a doctor's prescription. Light therapy lamps are widely available in pharmacies and stores. To ease symptoms, spend time outdoors daily, eat a balanced diet, and engage in outdoor exercise.
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